Emergency in India

A period of authoritarian rule in India from 25 June 1975 to 21 March 1977, when the government suspended civil liberties, censored the press, and imprisoned political opponents.

Article 352 of the Constitution of India: A constitutional provision allowing India’s president to proclaim a national emergency under specified conditions. Indira Gandhi’s government invoked it to declare the Emergency on grounds of internal disturbance.
Indira Gandhi: Prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and again from 1980 to 1984. She advised the president to proclaim the Emergency after the Allahabad High Court ruling and opposition protests.
Sanjay Gandhi: An Indian political figure and son of Indira Gandhi who held no elected office during the Emergency. He became influential in policy initiatives, including coercive sterilization and slum clearance.
1977 Indian general election: The Indian parliamentary election held in March 1977, which ended Congress rule at the national level for the first time since independence. Indira Gandhi and Congress lost power after the Emergency, which voters had made central to the campaign.
Indian emergency provisions: Constitutional provisions that authorize exceptional central powers during national, state, or financial emergencies in India. The 1975 declaration was one use of a wider constitutional framework for emergency rule.
Article 359 of the Constitution of India: A constitutional provision allowing the president to suspend the right to move courts to enforce specified fundamental rights during an emergency. Its use blocked legal remedies for people whose rights were curtailed during the Emergency.
Allahabad High Court: A High Court serving the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Its 1975 judgment voided Indira Gandhi’s election to Parliament, intensifying the crisis before the Emergency.
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed: The fifth president of India, serving from 1974 until his death in 1977. He signed the proclamation that brought the Emergency into force.
Janata Party: An Indian political party formed in 1977 through the merger of groups opposed to Indira Gandhi’s government. It won the 1977 election and formed India’s first national government outside Congress.
1971 India–Pakistan war: A war between India and Pakistan in December 1971 that resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. It had earlier prompted a national emergency on grounds of external aggression, unlike the 1975 proclamation.

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