Energy storage

Energy storage captures energy in a form that can be retained and released later to provide useful work or power. It shifts energy availability across time, and sometimes across location or form.

Pumped-storage hydroelectricity: A grid-scale storage method that pumps water uphill and later releases it through turbines to generate electricity. It stores surplus electricity as gravitational potential energy in elevated water.
Grid energy storage: Energy storage connected to an electricity grid to shift supply, balance fluctuations, or support reliability. It applies storage at the scale of electricity networks and their changing loads.
Demand response: Changes in electricity use made in response to grid conditions, prices, or requests from system operators. It shifts consumption rather than storing energy for later delivery.
Renewable energy integration: The incorporation of renewable energy sources into electricity and energy systems while maintaining reliable operation. Storage can shift variable renewable output to periods when generation is lower than demand.
Lithium-ion battery: A rechargeable battery that moves lithium ions between electrodes to store and release electrical energy. Its reversible electrochemical reactions provide a widely used form of electrical storage.
Electric vehicle: A vehicle propelled partly or entirely by electric motors powered by onboard electrical energy. Its traction battery stores energy for transport and can sometimes return power to the grid.
Electricity transmission: The bulk transfer of electrical energy over high-voltage networks from generators to demand centers. Transmission moves power across distance, while storage moves its availability across time.
Ancillary services: Grid services that maintain reliable electricity operation, including frequency regulation, reserves, and voltage support. Fast-responding storage can provide several services that help stabilize an electrical grid.
Compressed-air energy storage: A method that stores energy by compressing air and later uses the expanding air to produce power. It converts electricity into pressure energy for later conversion back to power.
Uninterruptible power supply: A system that supplies backup electrical power when the main source fails or falls outside safe limits. Stored energy bridges outages and protects critical equipment from interruptions.

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