Estrogen receptor

An estrogen-activated protein that regulates gene activity and other cellular processes. The two main forms, ERα and ERβ, differ in their tissue distribution and biological effects.

Estradiol: The principal estrogen hormone in humans, produced mainly by the ovaries before menopause. Binding estradiol changes receptor shape and enables its regulatory activity.
Estrogen receptor alpha: A major estrogen receptor encoded by ESR1 and prominent in tissues including breast and uterus. ERα is one of the two principal receptor forms and mediates many estrogen responses.
Selective estrogen receptor modulator: A drug that acts as an estrogen receptor agonist in some tissues and an antagonist in others. These medicines exploit tissue-dependent receptor responses.
Menstrual cycle: Recurring hormonal and physiological changes that prepare the uterus for possible pregnancy. Estrogen receptor activity mediates many effects of changing ovarian hormone levels.
Estrogen response element: A DNA sequence recognized by estrogen receptor complexes to regulate nearby genes. Receptor complexes bind these sequences to control transcription directly.
Estrogen receptor beta: An estrogen receptor encoded by ESR2, with tissue distribution and effects distinct from ERα. ERβ provides a second major receptor form with different regulatory roles.
Tamoxifen: A selective estrogen receptor modulator used to treat and prevent some estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancers. Tamoxifen blocks estrogen-driven growth in breast tissue while acting differently elsewhere.
Bone remodeling: The lifelong process by which old bone is resorbed and new bone is formed. Estrogen receptor signaling helps restrain bone resorption.
Nuclear receptor: A family of proteins that sense hormones or other small molecules and regulate gene expression. Estrogen receptors belong to this ligand-responsive protein family.
Ligand-binding domain: A protein region that binds a specific small molecule and can alter protein activity. Estrogen binding in this domain changes receptor conformation.

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