Female genital mutilation

Female genital mutilation comprises procedures that intentionally alter or injure female genital organs for nonmedical reasons. It has no health benefits and can cause lasting physical and psychological harm.

WHO classification of female genital mutilation: A World Health Organization framework grouping female genital mutilation into four types by the tissue altered or removed. Its four types distinguish the procedures covered by this concept.
Obstetric complications of female genital mutilation: Pregnancy and childbirth complications associated with prior female genital mutilation. Scarring and infibulation can increase risks during labor and delivery.
Social norm: An informal rule of behavior sustained by shared expectations within a group. Community expectations can make the practice seem necessary for social acceptance or marriageability.
World Health Organization: A United Nations agency that coordinates international public health work. It classifies the procedures, documents health effects, and issues prevention guidance.
Informed consent: Voluntary agreement to a procedure after receiving and understanding relevant information. Girls cannot provide adult consent, while adult requests require careful, noncoercive assessment.
Clitoridectomy: Surgical removal of part or all of the clitoris. This is one procedure classified within female genital mutilation.
Urinary complications of female genital mutilation: Urinary problems associated with genital injury or scarring, including painful or difficult urination. These symptoms can follow tissue injury or narrowing of the genital opening.
Gender inequality: Unequal power, rights, or opportunities among people because of gender. The practice is closely connected to control over girls’ sexuality and social roles.
United Nations Population Fund: A United Nations agency focused on sexual and reproductive health and population issues. It supports global programs to prevent the practice and care for affected people.
Bodily integrity: The right to autonomy and security over one’s own body. The concept underlies arguments about protection, autonomy, and nonmedical genital alteration.

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