First Mexican Empire

The First Mexican Empire was an independent Mexican monarchy ruled by Agustín de Iturbide from 1822 until his abdication in 1823.

Mexican War of Independence: The armed struggle that ended Spanish rule in Mexico, lasting from 1810 to 1821. Its conclusion opened the way for an independent Mexican state.
Agustín de Iturbide: A Mexican military and political leader who became emperor as Agustín I in 1822. His coronation concentrated executive power in the empire's central figure.
Juan O'Donojú: A Spanish political and military official who negotiated the Treaty of Córdoba with Iturbide in 1821. His agreement helped secure the transition from Spanish authority to independent monarchy.
Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824: Mexico's 1824 constitution, establishing a federal republic with elected institutions. It supplied the constitutional order adopted after the empire's dissolution.
Plan of Iguala: A 1821 political program proposing Mexican independence, constitutional monarchy, and guarantees for religion and social unity. Its monarchist settlement became the political basis for the empire.
Mexican Empire Provisional Political Regulation: The 1822 framework that organized the Mexican Empire's government before a permanent constitution. It defined imperial institutions while leaving conflicts over sovereignty unsettled.
Antonio López de Santa Anna: A Mexican military and political leader who launched the 1822 revolt that helped bring down Iturbide's empire. His defection and revolt gave the anti-imperial movement a powerful military leader.
Centralist Republic of Mexico: The Mexican political system established by the 1835–1836 constitutional laws, replacing federalism with centralized government. Later centralist experiments revived disputes over how power should be organized after the empire.
Treaty of Córdoba: A 1821 agreement between Agustín de Iturbide and Juan O'Donojú recognizing Mexico's independence under a constitutional monarchy. It formally endorsed the independence framework from which the empire emerged.
Casa Mata Plan: A 1823 military plan calling for the restoration of Mexico's constituent congress. Its spread turned opposition to Iturbide into an organized movement against imperial rule.

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