First Vienna Award

The First Vienna Award was a 1938 arbitration by Germany and Italy that transferred southern Slovak and Carpathian Ruthenian territories from Czechoslovakia to Hungary.

Munich Agreement: A September 1938 agreement by Germany, Britain, France, and Italy that permitted Germany to annex Czechoslovakia’s Sudetenland. The award followed Munich’s dismemberment of Czechoslovakia and used the same great-power arbitration framework.
Joachim von Ribbentrop: A German diplomat who served as foreign minister under Adolf Hitler from 1938 to 1945. Ribbentrop represented Germany in the arbitration that set the new border.
Southern Slovakia: The southern part of Slovakia, adjoining Hungary and containing communities with varied linguistic and ethnic backgrounds. The award transferred much of this region from Czechoslovakia to Hungary.
Miklós Horthy: A Hungarian admiral and statesman who served as regent of Hungary from 1920 to 1944. Horthy’s government pursued the territorial revision that the award partly achieved.
Hungarian irredentism: A political movement seeking to restore territories Hungary lost after the First World War. Hungary’s claims to lands with Hungarian populations drove its demands in the 1938 negotiations.
Galeazzo Ciano: An Italian politician who served as foreign minister under Benito Mussolini from 1936 to 1943. Ciano represented Italy, the other power that issued the award.
Carpathian Ruthenia: A historic region in the eastern Carpathians, now divided chiefly between Ukraine, Slovakia, and Romania. The award transferred a strip of its territory to Hungary.
Béla Imrédy: A Hungarian politician who served as prime minister from 1938 to 1939. Imrédy led Hungary during the negotiations and receipt of the awarded territories.
Treaty of Trianon: The 1920 peace treaty that defined Hungary’s borders after the First World War and removed much of its former territory. Hungary framed the award as a partial reversal of territorial losses imposed by Trianon.
Komárno negotiations: October 1938 talks between Czechoslovakia and Hungary over their disputed border and Hungarian territorial claims. Their failure to reach agreement led the two governments to seek German-Italian arbitration.

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