Flavonoid

Flavonoids are plant polyphenols built on a 15-carbon skeleton of two aromatic rings joined by a three-carbon bridge. They include pigments and compounds involved in plant defense.

Phenylpropanoid pathway: A plant metabolic pathway that produces phenylpropanoids and supplies precursors for lignin, flavonoids, and other compounds. It supplies the phenylpropanoid precursors used to assemble flavonoid skeletons.
Chalcone synthase: A plant enzyme that condenses p-coumaroyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA to form chalcones. This enzyme catalyzes the committed entry step into the main flavonoid pathway.
Anthocyanin biosynthesis: The genetic and biochemical production of anthocyanin pigments in plants. Manipulating this pathway can alter flower, fruit, and leaf coloration.
Nonflavonoid polyphenol: A plant-derived polyphenolic compound that does not have the characteristic flavonoid carbon skeleton. These compounds share phenolic chemistry with flavonoids but differ in their core structures.
Flavonoid metabolism: The chemical transformation and elimination of flavonoids by plants, microbes, and animals. Human exposure often involves metabolites rather than the original food-derived molecules.
Chalcone: An open-chain flavonoid structure with two aromatic rings joined by an unsaturated three-carbon bridge. Chalcones are early products in flavonoid biosynthesis and precursors to several subclasses.
Flavonoid biosynthesis: The enzyme-mediated production of flavonoids from phenylpropanoid and acetate-derived precursors in plants. It converts shared precursors into the diverse structures found across flavonoid subclasses.
Plant–pollinator interactions: Ecological relationships in which animal pollinators transfer pollen between flowering plants. Flavonoid pigments and ultraviolet patterns can influence how pollinators perceive flowers.
Carotenoid: A lipid-soluble pigment family made from isoprene units, including carotenes and xanthophylls. Carotenoids also color plants, but have a different structure and biosynthetic origin.
Gut microbiota: The community of microorganisms living in the digestive tracts of animals. Gut microbes transform many flavonoids and may alter their absorption and biological effects.

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