Linked from

The 22 pages that link to Forced displacement, each with the reason it gives.

• CounterinsurgencyRelated: Population relocation has served as a security measure, often with severe civilian costs.

• Crimes against humanityRelated: Prosecutors must distinguish criminal deportation or forcible transfer from displacement alone.

• Political violenceRelated: Political violence drives people from homes and can transform communities and borders.

• InsurgencyRelated: Protracted fighting and coercion can drive civilians from contested areas.

• RepatriationRelated: Returning displaced people can restore residence and community ties, though safety may remain contested.

• CeasefireRelated: A ceasefire can make return safer, though it does not itself restore homes or security.

• Military occupationRelated: The Fourth Geneva Convention generally prohibits forcible transfers and deportations from occupied territory.

• Democratic KampucheaRelated: In 1975, Khmer Rouge forces emptied cities and marched residents into the countryside.

• Collective punishmentRelated: Group penalties can drive civilians from homes to punish or pressure a wider population.

• IrredentismRelated: Border changes pursued through irredentist conflict can displace populations.

• AnnexationRelated: Annexation and the conflict surrounding it can uproot populations and alter patterns of return.

• State terrorismRelated: Threats and violence can drive populations from contested areas without formal expulsion orders.

• RENAMORelated: RENAMO attacks and counterinsurgency operations displaced millions of Mozambicans.

• Drug cartelRelated: Communities may flee when cartel conflict or extortion makes remaining unsafe.

• East Timor genocideRelated: Relocation and confinement exposed civilians to hunger, illness, and violence.

• Isaaq genocideRelated: Attacks and threats drove large numbers of Isaaq civilians into Ethiopia and elsewhere.

• Genocide of Indigenous peoplesRelated: Removal from ancestral lands has enabled dispossession and weakened Indigenous communities.

• MS-13Related: Threats and violence attributed to gangs, including MS-13, have driven some people from their homes.