Gasification

Gasification converts carbon-rich materials into synthesis gas by reacting them at high temperatures with limited oxygen, steam, or both. The resulting gas mainly contains carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Partial oxidation: Oxidation in which a substance receives less oxygen than required for complete combustion. Its heat supplies energy for gasification while limiting conversion of carbon to carbon dioxide.
Biomass: Organic material from plants, animals, or their residues that can serve as a fuel or feedstock. Agricultural and forestry residues are common renewable feedstocks for gasification.
Fischer–Tropsch process: A catalytic process that converts synthesis gas into liquid hydrocarbons. It provides a route from gasified coal or biomass to synthetic fuels.
Combustion: A rapid oxidation reaction that releases heat, commonly producing carbon dioxide and water from fuels. Combustion uses enough oxygen for near-complete burning, unlike oxygen-limited gasification.
Tar (gasification): A mixture of condensable organic compounds formed during thermal conversion of carbon-rich feedstocks. Tar can foul equipment and must often be removed before synthesis gas enters downstream processes.
Water-gas shift reaction: A reaction of carbon monoxide with steam that produces carbon dioxide and hydrogen. It adjusts synthesis-gas composition by increasing hydrogen and consuming carbon monoxide.
Coal: A combustible sedimentary rock formed from ancient plant matter. Coal is a major conventional feedstock, with composition affecting gas yield and contaminants.
Methanol: A simple alcohol used as a chemical feedstock, solvent, and fuel. Synthesis gas can be catalytically converted into methanol.
Pyrolysis: Thermal decomposition of materials in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis excludes gasifying agents and produces char, liquids, and gases rather than targeting synthesis gas.
Particulate matter: Tiny solid or liquid particles suspended in air or gas. Ash and char carried from a gasifier can damage equipment and pollute exhaust if not captured.

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