Genetic genealogy

Genetic genealogy uses inherited DNA variation to investigate ancestry, identify biological relatives, and connect people to family lines.

Autosomal DNA: DNA inherited from both parents across the chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes. Shared autosomal segments help estimate relationships across many branches of a family tree.
Genetic matching: The comparison of DNA profiles to identify people who share genetic material. A match can suggest a biological relationship and direct further family-tree research.
Genealogy: The study of family relationships and ancestry through records, oral histories, and other evidence. Genetic findings become more useful when combined with documentary family research.
Documentary genealogy: Family-history research based on records such as censuses, vital certificates, and wills. Records can identify named ancestors, while DNA usually indicates biological connection without naming its source.
Y chromosome: The sex chromosome usually inherited from father to son. Y-DNA comparisons can trace direct paternal lines among men.
Direct-to-consumer genetic testing: Genetic testing marketed directly to individuals without a healthcare professional as intermediary. Consumer databases supply many of the DNA matches used in genealogical research.
Pedigree: A diagram or record showing relationships and descent within a family. A pedigree organizes candidate relationships that DNA matches may support or exclude.
Genetic ancestry testing: The estimation of geographic or population ancestry from genetic variants and reference populations. Ancestry estimates concern population similarity, unlike genealogy's focus on family relationships.
Mitochondrial DNA: DNA found in mitochondria and usually inherited from the mother. Its maternal inheritance pattern helps investigate direct maternal lines.
Adoption reunion: The process of reconnecting adopted people with biological relatives or family origins. DNA matches can reveal biological family connections when records are unavailable or incomplete.

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