Global justice

Global justice is the study of moral duties and principles governing relations among people and institutions across national borders. It examines how rights, resources, responsibilities, and political power should be distributed globally.

Distributive justice: The branch of justice concerned with how benefits, burdens, rights, and resources should be allocated. Global justice extends distributive questions beyond a single political community.
Global poverty: Severe deprivation of income and essential capabilities across populations worldwide. It tests whether affluent societies owe assistance or structural reform to people in poverty.
John Rawls: An American political philosopher whose theories of justice shaped contemporary liberal political thought. His international theory assigns states duties of assistance but rejects a global distributive principle.
Institutional cosmopolitanism: The view that global institutions should embody principles that treat individuals as the ultimate units of moral concern. It locates duties in the design and effects of international rules, not only individual charity.
Global democracy: The idea that people should have meaningful democratic influence over decisions made at the global level. Global rules affect people who often lack equal representation in the institutions that make them.
Human rights: Basic rights and freedoms held by people, often understood as universal and independent of citizenship. Universal rights establish standards that states and international institutions may be required to respect.
Refugee: A person outside their country who cannot safely return because of persecution or serious danger. Refugee protection puts duties to noncitizens in direct tension with border control.
The Law of Peoples: John Rawls's account of principles governing relations among peoples and societies. It provides a prominent state-centered alternative to egalitarian global justice.
Coercion: The use or threat of force or penalties to constrain another person's choices. Some theories tie demands of distributive justice to institutions that coercively shape people's lives.
Democratic deficit: A lack of democratic accountability or representation in institutions that exercise political power. It challenges the legitimacy of global institutions tasked with advancing justice.

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