Greek nationalism

Greek nationalism promotes Greek national identity, unity, sovereignty, and the interests of the Greek nation. It has taken different forms across the Ottoman period, the modern Greek state, and Greek communities abroad.

Greek War of Independence: The Greek revolt against Ottoman rule from 1821 to 1829, which established an independent Greek state. The revolt turned calls for Greek political unity into an independence movement.
Megali Idea: A Greek nationalist vision of expanding the Greek state to unite Greek populations and territories beyond its borders. It translated national unity into an enduring program of territorial expansion.
Adamantios Korais: A Greek Enlightenment scholar who promoted education and language reform as foundations for national renewal. Korais connected intellectual reform to the revival of a Greek nation.
Greco-Turkish War: A series of armed conflicts between Greece and Turkey, including the 1919–1922 war that ended in Greek defeat. Nationalist claims over Anatolia culminated in war, defeat, and mass displacement.
Ottomanism: A political ideology that sought to create a shared civic identity among the Ottoman Empire’s diverse populations. It offered imperial unity instead of the separate Greek sovereignty sought by nationalists.
Modern Greek Enlightenment: An eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century intellectual movement that advanced education, secular learning, and Greek national consciousness. Its scholars and writers helped articulate a modern Greek national identity.
Greek language question: A dispute over whether modern Greek should use formal Katharevousa or the spoken demotic language. Choosing an official language made cultural identity part of state-building.
Theodoros Kolokotronis: A leading military commander in the Greek War of Independence. His military leadership made him a central figure in the independence struggle.
Population exchange between Greece and Turkey: The compulsory relocation of Orthodox Christians from Turkey and Muslims from Greece under the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. The exchange recast national belonging through religion and sharply altered both societies.
Panhellenism: The idea of cultural or political unity among Greeks, originating in ancient Greek thought and recurring in modern contexts. Its broader idea of Greek unity overlaps with nationalism but can exceed the modern nation-state.

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