Harmony

Harmony is the study and use of simultaneous pitches and their relationships. It concerns how notes combine into intervals and chords, and how those combinations move through music.

Musical interval: A musical interval is the pitch distance between two notes, considered in frequency or scale steps. Intervals are the basic units whose combinations give harmony its pitch relationships.
Voice leading: Voice leading is the practice of connecting notes between chords through individual melodic lines. It describes how each pitch moves as a progression changes chords.
Tonality: Tonality is a system in which pitches and chords are organized around a central tonal center. It is the most influential framework for explaining harmonic hierarchy in Western music.
Roman numeral analysis: Roman numeral analysis labels chords by scale degree and harmonic function within a key. It gives a portable way to describe progressions independently of their transposition.
Chord: A chord is a set of notes sounded together or understood as a simultaneous sonority. Chords are harmony’s most familiar vertical structures.
Chord progression: A chord progression is a sequence of chords that forms the harmonic course of a passage. Progressions make relationships among chords unfold over musical time.
Atonality: Atonality is music organized without a governing tonal center. It rejects the tonal hierarchy that underlies many conventional accounts of harmony.
Figured bass: Figured bass is a notation system that indicates intervals above a written bass note. It records harmonic structure while leaving much of the realization to performers.
Triad: A triad is a three-note chord formed from a root and two notes stacked in thirds. Triads show how interval stacking creates common chord types.
Harmonic function: Harmonic function is the role a chord plays in relation to a tonal center and other chords. Functional roles explain why some chords sound stable, preparatory, or directed toward resolution.

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