History of Azerbaijan

The history of the lands and peoples of Azerbaijan spans ancient Caucasian kingdoms, successive empires, and the formation of the modern Republic of Azerbaijan.

Caucasian Albania: An ancient kingdom in the eastern Caucasus, centered in parts of present-day Azerbaijan. Its territory and Christian heritage form a major strand of Azerbaijan’s ancient past.
Arab conquest of the Caucasus: The seventh- and eighth-century campaigns that brought much of the Caucasus under Arab Muslim rule. Arab rule ended older political arrangements and connected Azerbaijan to the caliphate.
Atropates: A Persian satrap who established an independent kingdom in the aftermath of Alexander the Great’s conquests. His name became associated with Atropatene, a key ancient predecessor in the region’s history.
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic: An independent Azerbaijani state that existed from 1918 to 1920. Its short-lived government established the first modern Azerbaijani republic.
Azerbaijani language: A Turkic language spoken chiefly in Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. Its development reflects Turkic migrations and distinct histories north and south of the Araxes.
Atropatene: An ancient kingdom south of the Araxes River, named after the satrap Atropates. Its name is a historical source of the name Azerbaijan.
Seljuk Empire: A medieval Turkic Muslim empire that ruled much of western and central Asia. Seljuk migration and rule strengthened Turkic political and linguistic influence in Azerbaijan.
Shah Ismail I: The founder of the Safavid dynasty and ruler of Iran from 1501 to 1524. His Azerbaijani Turkic poetry and Safavid state-building left a lasting imprint on the region.
Sovietization of Azerbaijan: The 1920 establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan following the Red Army invasion. It ended the republic and incorporated Azerbaijan into the Soviet system.
Azerbaijani nationalism: A political movement promoting Azerbaijani national identity and collective self-determination. It grew through modern education, print culture, imperial change, and the struggle for statehood.

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Pavel TsitsianovRelated: Russian conquest of Baku and Ganja under Tsitsianov changed the region's political trajectory.