Humerus

The long bone of the upper arm, extending from the shoulder to the elbow. It articulates with the scapula above and the radius and ulna below.

Shoulder joint: The joint complex connecting the upper limb to the trunk and enabling broad arm movement. The humeral head forms the ball of the glenohumeral joint.
Glenohumeral joint: The ball-and-socket joint between the humeral head and the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Its shallow socket allows the humerus wide movement but limits stability.
Humeral shaft fracture: A break through the long central portion of the humerus. A midshaft break can injure the radial nerve as it winds around the bone.
Humeral head: The rounded proximal end of the humerus that articulates with the glenoid cavity. Its shape creates the ball of the shoulder’s glenohumeral joint.
Elbow joint: A joint complex that links the upper arm with the forearm and permits bending and rotation. The distal humerus forms the upper-arm side of the elbow.
Rotator cuff: A group of four shoulder muscles and tendons that stabilize and move the arm. Its tendons attach to humeral tubercles and hold the head against the scapula.
Proximal humerus fracture: A break near the shoulder end of the humerus, often involving its head or tubercles. These fractures can disrupt shoulder movement and the blood supply to the humeral head.
Greater tubercle of the humerus: A prominent projection near the humeral head that provides attachment for three rotator cuff tendons. Its position makes it a key landmark in shoulder anatomy and injury.
Scapula: The flat triangular bone at the back of the shoulder that connects the arm to the trunk. Its glenoid cavity receives the head of the humerus.
Deltoid muscle: The large shoulder muscle that abducts the arm and assists with flexion and extension. It pulls on the deltoid tuberosity of the humeral shaft.

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