Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a condition in which oxygen availability is too low to meet an organism’s needs. It can affect the whole body, a tissue, or individual cells.

Oxygen transport: The movement of oxygen from the environment through the body to cells. Impaired transport can leave tissues hypoxic even when oxygen is present in the environment.
Hypoxemia: An abnormally low oxygen level in arterial blood. It can cause hypoxia, but tissue hypoxia can occur without low arterial oxygen.
Partial pressure of oxygen: The pressure contributed by oxygen in a gas mixture or dissolved in a fluid. It describes oxygen availability in air, blood, and tissues.
Cellular injury: Structural or functional damage to cells caused by harmful stresses or disruptions. Prolonged or severe oxygen shortage can damage membranes, metabolism, and cellular structures.
Oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve: A graph showing how hemoglobin oxygen saturation changes with oxygen partial pressure. Its shifts alter how readily blood releases oxygen to tissues.
Anemia: A deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin that reduces the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity. Oxygen delivery may fall despite normal oxygen levels in the blood.
Oxygen saturation: The fraction of oxygen-binding sites on hemoglobin occupied by oxygen. It is a measure of blood oxygenation, not a direct measure of tissue oxygen sufficiency.
Apoptosis: A regulated form of cell death controlled by cellular signaling pathways. Hypoxic stress can activate apoptosis, depending on its severity and duration.
Oxidative phosphorylation: The mitochondrial process that uses oxygen to produce most cellular ATP. Low oxygen constrains this major source of cellular energy.
Ischemia: Inadequate blood flow to a tissue, limiting oxygen and nutrient delivery. It is a common route to localized hypoxia.

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