Indian independence

Indian independence ended British rule and established India as a sovereign country on 15 August 1947, alongside the partition of British India.

Indian National Congress: A political organization founded in 1885 that became a leading force in India’s independence movement. It organized political demands and mass campaigns against British rule.
Mahatma Gandhi: An Indian political leader who mobilized mass opposition to British rule through nonviolent resistance. His campaigns made nonviolent civil disobedience a defining movement tactic.
Indian Independence Act 1947: A British law that ended parliamentary authority over British India and created the independent dominions of India and Pakistan. It supplied the legal basis and timetable for the transfer of power.
Partition of India: The 1947 division of British India into the independent dominions of India and Pakistan. Partition accompanied independence and triggered extensive violence and displacement.
Partition of Bengal (1905): The division of Bengal by British authorities in 1905, reversed in 1911 after widespread opposition. Its reversal strengthened organized nationalism and the swadeshi movement.
Jawaharlal Nehru: An Indian nationalist leader who became independent India’s first prime minister in 1947. He led the Congress government that assumed power at independence.
Mountbatten Plan: The June 1947 plan for partitioning British India and transferring power to India and Pakistan. Its terms translated negotiations into partition and accelerated independence.
1947–1948 Jammu and Kashmir conflict: The first war between India and Pakistan, fought after the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir acceded to India in 1947. The unresolved accession dispute turned partition into an interstate conflict.
Rowlatt Act: A 1919 British law in India that extended wartime detention and trial powers without ordinary safeguards. The act triggered protests that escalated opposition to colonial rule.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah: A political leader who headed the All-India Muslim League and became Pakistan’s founding governor-general. His demand for Pakistan shaped the partition accompanying independence.

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