Institutional discrimination

Institutional discrimination is unequal treatment produced by an institution’s policies, procedures, or established practices. It can persist without explicit discriminatory intent by individual members.

Structural discrimination: Unequal treatment and disadvantage embedded across interconnected social institutions and systems. It describes the wider system that can connect discriminatory practices across institutions.
Racial segregation in the United States: The enforced separation of people by race in the United States, established through law and social practice. Segregation demonstrates discrimination built into housing, education, and public services.
Individual discrimination: Unequal treatment of a person by another person because of group membership or identity. It locates discriminatory action in individual conduct rather than institutional rules or routines.
Health disparities: Differences in health outcomes and their determinants among population groups. Institutional barriers shape access to care and exposure to health risks.
Disparate impact analysis: An assessment of whether a seemingly neutral policy disproportionately burdens a protected group. It tests whether an institutional practice produces unequal effects.
Disparate impact: A policy or practice that appears neutral but disproportionately harms a protected group. It captures one way an institution’s neutral-seeming rules can create unequal outcomes.
Redlining: The denial or restriction of services, especially credit or insurance, in neighborhoods associated with racial minorities. Federal and private lending practices restricted wealth-building opportunities in Black neighborhoods.
Institutional racism: Racial inequality produced or maintained by policies and practices within institutions. It is the race-specific form of institutional discrimination.
Wealth inequality: The unequal distribution of assets and net worth among individuals or groups. Discriminatory access to housing, credit, and employment can accumulate across generations.
Civil rights audit: A systematic review of an organization’s policies and outcomes for unequal treatment or access. Audits can reveal disparities hidden by formal policy language.

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