International arbitration

International arbitration is the peaceful resolution of disputes between states by a decision-making tribunal, usually constituted for a particular case or under a standing agreement.

Arbitration agreement: An agreement to submit specified disputes to arbitration rather than another form of adjudication. State consent to arbitration is commonly established through a treaty or a special agreement.
Jay Treaty: A 1794 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that established commissions to resolve disputes. Its commissions helped establish arbitration as a practical means of settling interstate claims.
International Court of Justice: The principal judicial organ of the United Nations, which decides legal disputes between states that accept its jurisdiction. Unlike a case-specific arbitral tribunal, the Court is a standing institution with permanent judges.
Island of Palmas case: A 1928 arbitration between the United States and the Netherlands over sovereignty of an island in the East Indies. The award is noted for its analysis of territorial sovereignty and effective display of authority.
Arbitral tribunal: A body of one or more arbitrators appointed to decide a dispute. The tribunal hears the parties and issues the decision at the center of the process.
Alabama Claims: A dispute in which the United States sought compensation from Great Britain for Civil War-era maritime losses. The 1872 Geneva award became a landmark example of interstate arbitration.
International mediation: A process in which a neutral third party helps disputing parties negotiate a mutually acceptable settlement. A mediator proposes or facilitates agreement but does not issue a binding award.
North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration: A 1910 arbitration between the United States and Great Britain over fishing rights off Newfoundland and Labrador. The tribunal interpreted treaty rights and helped clarify how states apply them in practice.
Compromis: A special agreement by which disputing states submit a defined dispute to arbitration. A compromis can set the tribunal's jurisdiction, procedure, and questions for decision.
Geneva Arbitration: The 1871–1872 arbitration between the United States and Great Britain over the Alabama Claims. Its award demonstrated that arbitration could resolve a major dispute between powerful states.

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