Italian occupation of Ethiopia

Italian occupation of Ethiopia lasted from 1936 to 1941, after Italy invaded and proclaimed the country part of its East African empire. Ethiopian resistance continued throughout the occupation.

Italian East Africa: An Italian colonial empire in the Horn of Africa and eastern Africa from 1936 to 1941. Ethiopia was incorporated into this empire alongside Eritrea and Italian Somaliland.
Second Italo-Ethiopian War: Italy’s 1935–1936 invasion of Ethiopia, which ended with the occupation of Addis Ababa. The invasion created the occupation, though Ethiopian forces continued fighting afterward.
Haile Selassie: Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974, except during the Italian occupation. His exile and appeals abroad challenged Italy’s claim to legitimate rule.
Addis Ababa massacre: A three-day massacre of civilians by Italian forces and settlers in Addis Ababa in February 1937. It followed an assassination attempt on Graziani and became a defining episode of occupation violence.
Ethiopian liberation: The restoration of Ethiopian control in 1941 after Italian forces were defeated. The liberation ended the occupation but did not erase its political and human costs.
Viceroyalty of Italian East Africa: The administrative structure through which Italy governed its East African empire. Its governors directed colonial rule in occupied Ethiopia.
First Italo-Ethiopian War: The 1895–1896 conflict in which Ethiopia defeated Italy and preserved its independence. Italy’s earlier defeat shaped the Fascist regime’s drive to conquer Ethiopia.
Ras Imru Haile Selassie: An Ethiopian noble and military leader who resisted Italy’s invasion and occupation. His forces continued resistance after the Italian conquest of Addis Ababa.
Yekatit 12: The Ethiopian name for the 1937 massacre in Addis Ababa, commemorated on the date it began. The date remains a major marker of Italian colonial violence in Ethiopia.
Ethiopia during World War II: Ethiopia’s experience of invasion, occupation, resistance, and liberation during World War II. The occupation made the war a struggle for Ethiopian sovereignty.

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