James Monroe

James Monroe was the fifth president of the United States, serving from 1817 to 1825. His administration issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 and oversaw the acquisition of Florida.

Monroe Doctrine: A 1823 U.S. policy opposing new European colonization and interference in the Americas. Monroe announced this policy in his annual message to Congress.
Cabinet of James Monroe: The group of executive department heads who served under James Monroe as president. Monroe’s cabinet included political rivals and helped manage national administration.
John Quincy Adams: An American diplomat and politician who served as secretary of state under James Monroe and later became president. Adams helped formulate the foreign-policy position that became the Monroe Doctrine.
American Revolutionary War: The 1775–1783 war in which the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain. Monroe’s service as a young officer began amid the struggle that created the United States.
John Adams: The second U.S. president, serving from 1797 to 1801, and a leading Federalist. Adams’s contested reelection and strong party opposition contrast with Monroe’s near-unopposed 1820 campaign.
Adams–Onís Treaty: A 1819 agreement in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States and defined a boundary with Spanish territory. The treaty secured Florida during Monroe’s presidency.
Second Bank of the United States: A federally chartered bank established in 1816 to regulate currency and serve as the government’s fiscal agent. Its lending and monetary policies contributed to the financial conditions confronting Monroe’s administration.
Thomas Jefferson: The third U.S. president and a leading figure in the American Revolution and early republic. Jefferson was Monroe’s political mentor and a correspondent on the crisis over Missouri.
Battle of Trenton: A 1776 Revolutionary War battle in which Continental forces defeated Hessian troops in Trenton, New Jersey. Monroe was wounded while serving in the Continental Army during the battle.
Andrew Jackson: The seventh U.S. president, serving from 1829 to 1837, whose rise marked a new era of mass political campaigning. Jackson’s popular political style contrasts with Monroe’s elite-led, low-competition presidency.

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