Jewish–Roman wars

The Jewish–Roman wars were major uprisings against Roman rule in Judea and across the eastern Roman Empire, especially the First Jewish–Roman War, the Kitos War, and the Bar Kokhba revolt.

First Jewish–Roman War: A revolt against Roman rule in Judea from 66 to 73 CE, ending with the destruction of Jerusalem and its Temple. This war began the sequence and produced the most consequential Roman victory.
Roman province of Judea: A Roman province in the eastern Mediterranean, established after the removal of the Herodian kingdom in 6 CE. Its administration framed the conflicts between local communities and Roman authority.
Herodian kingdom: A client kingdom of Rome in Judea ruled by Herod the Great and his successors. Its annexation placed Judea under direct Roman provincial administration.
Fiscus Judaicus: A tax imposed by Rome on Jews after the destruction of the Second Temple, redirecting a former Temple payment to Jupiter Capitolinus. The tax turned the defeat into a continuing fiscal burden for Jewish communities.
Kitos War: A series of Jewish uprisings against Rome in Egypt, Cyprus, and elsewhere during 115–117 CE. It extended the conflict beyond Judea during Trajan’s reign.
Roman procurator: A Roman official responsible for governing a province and managing its finances. Procuratorial decisions could intensify grievances in Judea.
Second Temple Judaism: The forms of Jewish religion and society that developed from the rebuilding of the Temple around 516 BCE until its destruction in 70 CE. The Temple’s centrality made its destruction a profound consequence of the first war.
Syria Palaestina: The Roman provincial name given to Judea after the Bar Kokhba revolt. The renaming followed the revolt’s suppression and altered the province’s official identity.
Bar Kokhba revolt: A Jewish revolt against Rome in Judea from 132 to 135 CE, led by Simon bar Kokhba. Its defeat ended Jewish self-rule in Judea for centuries.
Roman legion: The principal unit of the Roman army, composed of several thousand soldiers. Legions supplied the force Rome used to suppress the uprisings.

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