Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

A Jurchen-led dynasty that ruled northern China from 1115 to 1234 after overthrowing the Liao dynasty, before the Mongol conquest.

Jurchens: A Tungusic-speaking people of Manchuria who founded the Jin dynasty. Jurchen chiefs unified their communities and established the dynasty.
Jurchen military system: The military organization through which Jurchen households supplied soldiers and served the Jin state. It sustained the dynasty’s armies while preserving a distinct Jurchen ruling identity.
Jingkang Incident: The 1127 capture of the Song capitals and imprisonment of two emperors by Jin forces. The conquest ended Northern Song rule and transformed Jin relations with the Song court.
Emperor Xizong of Jin: The Jin emperor who ruled from 1135 to 1150 and oversaw major administrative changes. His reign saw the court strengthen Chinese-style institutions and central authority.
Southern Song dynasty: A Song dynasty that ruled southern China from 1127 to 1279 after losing the north to the Jin. It became the Jin’s southern rival and later joined the Mongols against them.
Liao dynasty: A Khitan-led dynasty that ruled parts of northern China and Manchuria from 907 to 1125. The Jin rose in revolt against Liao rule and conquered its territory.
Jin dynasty administration: The institutions and governing practices used by the Jin dynasty to rule its territory and population. The dynasty combined imperial bureaucracy with institutions for Jurchen communities.
Kaifeng: A city in northern China that served as the Jin dynasty’s capital after its conquest of the region. The Jin made the former Northern Song capital the center of their rule.
Hailing King: A Jin emperor who ruled from 1150 to 1161 and moved the capital to Zhongdu. His campaigns and court policies culminated in a failed invasion of the Southern Song.
Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: The Mongol campaigns that destroyed the Jin dynasty between 1211 and 1234. The conquest ended Jin rule and opened northern China to Mongol domination.

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