Jin–Song wars

A series of conflicts between the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty and the Song dynasty from 1125 until Jin fell in 1234. The wars ended Song rule north of the Huai River and divided China between Jin and the Southern Song.

Jingkang Incident: The 1127 capture of Kaifeng and abduction of two Song emperors by Jin forces. This capture ended Northern Song rule and turned the war into a struggle over a successor state.
Jurchen people: A Tungusic-speaking people of Manchuria who founded the Jin dynasty. Jurchen political and military expansion created the power confronting the Song.
Emperor Taizong of Jin: The second emperor of Jin, who led the conquest of Northern Song territory. His campaigns culminated in the capture of Kaifeng in 1127.
Southern Song: The Song regime that ruled southern China from 1127 to 1279 after losing the north to Jin. It emerged from the wars as a durable state south of the new frontier.
Jin–Liao wars: The conflicts through which the Jurchen Jin state defeated the Khitan Liao dynasty. Jin's victory over Liao preceded its turn against the Song.
Treaty of Shaoxing: The 1142 settlement that formalized peace between Jin and the Southern Song. It fixed the southern frontier and imposed tribute after decades of fighting.
Jin dynasty: A dynasty founded by the Jurchens that ruled northern China from 1115 to 1234. Its rise produced the rival state at the center of the wars.
Emperor Gaozong of Song: The first emperor of the Southern Song, who ruled from 1127 to 1162. He re-established Song rule south of the Yangtze and accepted peace with Jin.
Northern Song: The first phase of the Song dynasty, ending with the Jin capture of Kaifeng in 1127. Its collapse was the wars' most consequential early outcome.
Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty: The Mongol campaigns that ended the Southern Song dynasty in 1279. This later conquest followed Jin's fall and concluded Song rule.

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