Kashmir

Kashmir is a mountainous region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent, divided among India, Pakistan, and China. India and Pakistan dispute sovereignty over parts of it.

Partition of India: The 1947 division of British India into the independent states of India and Pakistan, accompanied by mass migration and violence. Partition left the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir facing competing claims from its neighbors.
Jammu and Kashmir: A name for the former princely state and, since 2019, an Indian union territory in the southern part of the disputed region. The name can denote either the historic state or a smaller present-day administrative unit.
Hari Singh: The last ruling maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, who signed the Instrument of Accession to India in 1947. His decision is the pivotal act behind India's claim to the territory.
Kargil War: The 1999 armed conflict in the Kargil district, where Pakistani forces and fighters occupied positions across the Line of Control before India's military response. It demonstrated that the Line of Control remained vulnerable after the two states became nuclear powers.
India–Pakistan relations: The political, diplomatic, and military relationship between India and Pakistan since their independence in 1947. Kashmir is the most enduring territorial dispute between the two countries.
Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir: A princely state in the Himalayan region ruled by the Dogra dynasty until its accession to India in 1947. Its ruler's contested accession set the central dispute in motion.
Azad Kashmir: The name Pakistan gives to the self-governing territory it administers west of the Line of Control. It is one of the principal territories administered by Pakistan within the disputed region.
Sheikh Abdullah: A Kashmiri political leader who headed the National Conference and served as prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir after accession to India. His shifting relationship with India shaped Kashmiri politics and demands for autonomy.
Siachen conflict: The military confrontation between India and Pakistan over control of the Siachen Glacier and nearby high-altitude territory. It is a direct consequence of unresolved boundaries in the region's most difficult terrain.
Kashmiri nationalism: Political movements that claim a distinct Kashmiri identity and advocate varying forms of self-rule, independence, or political recognition. These movements do not always align with either India's or Pakistan's claims.

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