Ken Saro-Wiwa

Ken Saro-Wiwa was a Nigerian writer and environmental activist who led a campaign against oil pollution and the treatment of the Ogoni people in the Niger Delta.

MOSOP: The Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People is a Nigerian organization campaigning for Ogoni rights and environmental justice. Saro-Wiwa helped found and led MOSOP, the central organization behind his campaign.
Ogoni Bill of Rights: A 1990 declaration asserting Ogoni political, economic, and environmental rights within Nigeria. This document set out the political demands Saro-Wiwa and MOSOP advanced.
Environmental justice: A movement and framework concerned with the unequal distribution of environmental harms and decision-making power. Saro-Wiwa connected pollution in Ogoniland to political exclusion and unequal control of resources.
1995 execution of the Ogoni Nine: The execution by hanging of nine Ogoni activists by Nigeria's military government on November 10, 1995. Saro-Wiwa's execution turned the Ogoni struggle into an international human-rights crisis.
Ogoni Nine: The nine Ogoni activists executed by Nigeria in 1995 after convictions widely condemned as politically compromised. Saro-Wiwa was the best-known member of the group executed alongside him.
Nonviolent resistance: Political action that seeks change without using physical violence against opponents. MOSOP presented its campaign as nonviolent resistance to state and corporate power.
Oil spills in the Niger Delta: Releases of crude oil from pipelines and facilities that have contaminated land and water in the Niger Delta. Spills were among the visible harms highlighted by his environmental campaign.
Ogoni environmental crisis: Long-term environmental damage in Ogoniland associated with decades of oil production and inadequate remediation. The pollution he protested became the subject of later investigations and cleanup efforts.
Nnimmo Bassey: Nigerian architect, environmental activist, and writer who led Friends of the Earth International and Environmental Rights Action. Bassey continued Nigerian environmental advocacy against oil extraction and pollution.
Shell Nigeria: The Nigerian operations of Shell, a major oil producer in the Niger Delta. Saro-Wiwa challenged Shell over pollution and its relationship with the Nigerian state.

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