Koxinga

Koxinga was the title of Zheng Chenggong, a 17th-century Ming loyalist and military leader who resisted the Qing dynasty and established a regime in Taiwan.

Siege of Fort Zeelandia: A 1661–1662 siege in which Koxinga’s forces captured the Dutch stronghold at Tainan, Taiwan. This victory drove the Dutch from Taiwan and established Koxinga’s rule there.
Zheng Zhilong: A Chinese maritime leader and merchant who served the Ming before surrendering to the Qing. Koxinga inherited his father’s coastal power base, though Zheng Zhilong later submitted to the Qing.
Kingdom of Tungning: The Zheng family regime in Taiwan from 1661 to 1683, founded by Koxinga. It was the political order Koxinga established after taking the island from the Dutch.
Three Feudatories: Three southern Chinese territories whose governors rebelled against Qing rule from 1673 to 1681. Unlike Koxinga’s dynastic loyalism, their rebellion defended powerful regional rulers.
Battle of Kinmen: A 1656 naval battle near Kinmen in which Zheng forces defeated a Qing fleet. The victory secured a base for Koxinga’s continued maritime resistance.
Tagawa Matsu: The Japanese mother of Zheng Chenggong, born in Hirado, Japan. Her Japanese origins shaped the cross-cultural circumstances of Koxinga’s birth.
Qing annexation of Taiwan: The Qing dynasty’s conquest of Taiwan in 1683, ending Zheng family rule there. The Qing takeover ended the regime Koxinga founded two decades earlier.
Wu Sangui: A Ming general who helped the Qing enter China and later led a rebellion against Qing rule. His shifting allegiance contrasts with Koxinga’s persistent claim to Ming loyalty.
Ming loyalism: Political allegiance to the Ming dynasty after its fall to the Qing in 1644. Koxinga framed his campaigns as resistance to Qing rule and restoration of the Ming.
Hirado: A Japanese port city on Kyushu that hosted foreign trade and communities in the early modern period. Koxinga was born there in 1624 while his father was engaged in maritime commerce.

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