Latin translations of the 12th century

A body of works rendered into Latin during the twelfth century, especially from Greek and Arabic sources, that transmitted philosophy, science, and medicine to western Europe.

Toledo School of Translators: A group of translators in twelfth-century Toledo who rendered Arabic and Hebrew works into Latin. Its translators produced many of the Arabic-to-Latin works associated with this movement.
Arabic–Latin translation movement: The medieval transfer of Arabic-language works into Latin through translation. It names the broader process that includes much of the twelfth-century corpus.
Aristotle's works: Philosophical and scientific writings attributed to Aristotle, a foundational corpus of ancient Greek thought. Twelfth-century translations made more of this corpus accessible to Latin scholars.
Dominicus Gundissalinus: A twelfth-century archdeacon and translator who worked with Arabic-speaking collaborators in Toledo. He translated philosophical works and helped adapt Arabic ideas into Latin terminology.
Aristotelianism: Philosophical traditions based on the thought and writings of Aristotle. Newly available Aristotelian texts transformed philosophical study in Latin Europe.
Gerard of Cremona: An Italian translator who worked in Toledo and rendered numerous Arabic scientific and philosophical texts into Latin. His translations brought major works, including Ptolemy's Almagest, into Latin.
Greek–Latin translation movement: The transfer of Greek works into Latin through medieval and early modern translation. It distinguishes direct translation from Greek from transmission through Arabic.
Almagest: Ptolemy's ancient Greek treatise on mathematical astronomy, known in medieval Latin through Arabic and Greek translations. Gerard of Cremona's Latin version became a key source for European astronomy.
Herman of Carinthia: A twelfth-century scholar and translator who worked on Arabic scientific and astrological texts. His translations exemplify the movement's reach beyond medicine and Aristotelian philosophy.
Latin Averroism: A medieval Latin philosophical tradition shaped by the commentaries of Averroes on Aristotle. Arabic-to-Latin transmission later carried Averroes's interpretations into university debates.

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