Lithuanian Crusade

The Lithuanian Crusade was a series of wars from the late thirteenth to early fifteenth centuries, waged by Catholic military orders and allies against the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Teutonic Order: A German Catholic military order that established a Baltic state and fought Lithuania for centuries. Its Prussian branch organized many campaigns against Lithuania.
Baltic Crusades: Medieval campaigns by Catholic powers to conquer and convert peoples around the eastern Baltic Sea. The Lithuanian campaigns formed a prolonged part of this wider expansion.
Vytautas the Great: A Lithuanian grand duke who ruled from 1392 to 1430 and expanded the state’s power. He helped lead the coalition that defeated the Teutonic Order at Grunwald.
Union of Krewo: The 1385 agreement joining the dynastic futures of Lithuania and Poland through Jogaila’s marriage and conversion. It created the Polish-Lithuanian partnership that later confronted the Teutonic Order.
Northern Crusades: Medieval crusades aimed at conquering and converting peoples in northeastern Europe and the Baltic region. The Lithuanian campaign was one theater within this broader crusading movement.
Livonian Order: A Catholic military order that governed parts of Livonia and fought in the eastern Baltic. It attacked Lithuania from the north and coordinated with the Teutonic Order.
Livonian Crusade: The medieval conquest and conversion campaigns in Livonia, led by German crusaders and military orders. Its northern frontier brought crusading forces into conflict with Lithuania.
Jogaila: A Lithuanian grand duke who became king of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło and converted to Christianity in 1386. His conversion and Polish alliance transformed the conflict’s political and religious setting.
Union of Horodło: The 1413 agreement that strengthened the political union between Poland and Lithuania. It consolidated the alliance after the order’s defeat at Grunwald.
Mongol invasions of Europe: A series of Mongol military campaigns into eastern and central Europe in the thirteenth century. These invasions were a separate eastern threat, not a campaign to convert Lithuania.

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