Lysosome

A membrane-bound organelle that digests cellular waste, macromolecules, and invading particles using enzymes active in an acidic interior.

V-type ATPase: A membrane protein complex that uses ATP to pump protons across membranes. It pumps protons into lysosomes, maintaining the acidic conditions their digestive enzymes require.
Endomembrane system: A network of membranes and compartments that synthesizes, modifies, sorts, and transports proteins and lipids in eukaryotic cells. Lysosomes receive membranes and proteins through this connected cellular trafficking network.
Autophagy: A set of cellular pathways that deliver cytoplasmic material to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. Lysosomes complete the degradation step in major forms of autophagy.
Proteasome: A protein complex that degrades selected proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Unlike lysosomes, proteasomes mainly digest individual proteins tagged for destruction.
Lysosomal hydrolase: An enzyme that breaks chemical bonds in biological molecules within acidic lysosomes. These enzymes perform the breakdown that defines lysosomal digestion.
Golgi apparatus: An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport. It adds sorting signals to many lysosomal enzymes and sends them toward endosomes.
Phagocytosis: The uptake of large particles by a cell through engulfment into membrane-bound compartments. Phagocytosed microbes and debris can be delivered to lysosomes for destruction.
Peroxisome: A membrane-bound organelle that carries out oxidative reactions, including fatty-acid breakdown and hydrogen peroxide metabolism. Peroxisomes specialize in oxidation, whereas lysosomes digest diverse cargo in an acidic lumen.
Mannose-6-phosphate receptor: A receptor that sorts many newly made lysosomal enzymes from the Golgi apparatus toward endosomes. It directs many digestive enzymes to the compartment where lysosomes mature.
Lysosomal targeting: The cellular processes that deliver proteins and other cargo to lysosomes. It explains how digestive enzymes reach lysosomes rather than remaining elsewhere in the cell.

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