Major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder is a mental disorder involving one or more episodes of persistent depressed mood or loss of interest, with additional symptoms that cause significant distress or impair daily functioning.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: A psychiatric diagnostic manual published by the American Psychiatric Association. Its criteria define the symptom pattern and duration used to diagnose this disorder in the United States.
Cognitive behavioral therapy: A structured psychotherapy that examines and changes unhelpful patterns of thought and behavior. It is an evidence-based treatment that targets patterns sustaining depressive symptoms.
Persistent depressive disorder: A chronic depressive disorder involving depressed mood for at least two years in adults. Its long-lasting, often less episodic course distinguishes it from major depressive episodes.
Anhedonia: A reduced ability to experience pleasure or interest in activities. Loss of interest or pleasure is a defining feature of major depressive disorder.
Treatment-resistant depression: Depression that has not improved adequately after one or more appropriate treatments. It raises questions about how to define nonresponse and choose subsequent interventions.
International Classification of Diseases: The World Health Organization's international system for classifying diseases and health conditions. Its diagnostic framework provides an alternative international standard for classifying depressive episodes.
Interpersonal psychotherapy: A time-limited psychotherapy focused on relationship problems and social roles linked to distress. It treats depression by addressing interpersonal conflicts, transitions, grief, and isolation.
Bipolar disorder: A mood disorder involving episodes of mania or hypomania and usually episodes of depression. A history of mania or hypomania changes the diagnosis from unipolar depression to bipolar disorder.
Suicidal ideation: Thoughts about death, self-harm, or ending one's life. Suicidal thoughts can accompany depression and require timely clinical assessment.
Ketamine: A dissociative anesthetic that can produce rapid antidepressant effects in some patients. Its fast action differs from standard antidepressants, while durability and optimal use remain under study.

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