Manuel Roxas

Manuel Roxas (1892–1948) was a Filipino politician who became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines in 1946.

Philippine Assembly: The elected lower chamber established in the American colonial Philippines in 1907. Roxas entered national politics through this legislature in 1919.
Sergio Osmeña: A Filipino statesman who served as president of the Philippine Commonwealth from 1944 to 1946. Roxas defeated the incumbent Osmeña in the 1946 presidential election.
Bell Trade Act: A 1946 United States law granting Philippine goods preferential access while linking aid to economic conditions. Roxas supported the measure, whose trade terms became a defining controversy of his presidency.
1946 Philippine presidential election: The election in which Manuel Roxas defeated Sergio Osmeña to become president of the Philippines. It delivered Roxas’s mandate to lead the country into independence.
Philippine Commonwealth: A self-governing Philippine polity established under United States sovereignty from 1935 to 1946. Roxas held senior posts in the Commonwealth before becoming president.
Elpidio Quirino: A Filipino politician who succeeded Manuel Roxas as president in 1948. Quirino was Roxas’s vice president and assumed office after his death.
Parity rights: Equal rights granted to U.S. citizens and corporations to exploit Philippine natural resources and public utilities. Roxas backed constitutional changes granting these rights to U.S. nationals.
Inauguration of the Third Philippine Republic: The July 4, 1946 ceremony marking the establishment of the independent Republic of the Philippines. Roxas became its first president at the independence ceremony.
Tydings–McDuffie Act: A 1934 United States law that set a path toward Philippine independence after a transition period. Its independence timetable shaped the constitutional government Roxas later led.
Ferdinand Marcos: A Filipino politician who served as president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. Marcos later invoked Roxas’s legacy as a founding president of the republic.

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