Marwan II

Marwan II was the last Umayyad caliph, ruling from 744 until his defeat and death in 750. His overthrow by the Abbasid Revolution ended Umayyad rule in the central Islamic lands.

Third Fitna: A civil war within the Umayyad Caliphate from 744 to 750, marked by rival claimants and regional rebellion. The conflict created the crisis through which Marwan seized the caliphate.
Battle of the Zab: A battle in 750 in which Abbasid forces defeated the Umayyad army near the Great Zab River in northern Iraq. The defeat destroyed Marwan’s ability to defend the caliphate.
Abbasid Caliphate: The caliphate founded by the Abbasids after their victory over the Umayyads in 750, with its first capital at Kufa. It replaced Marwan’s dynasty as the dominant caliphal government.
Sulayman ibn Hisham: An Umayyad prince and military commander who opposed Marwan II during the Third Fitna. His revolt tested Marwan’s control before the Abbasid advance.
Harran: An ancient city in Upper Mesopotamia that served as the Umayyad capital under Marwan II. Marwan governed from this northern city rather than Damascus.
Abbasid Revolution: A movement that overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and established Abbasid rule in 750. Its armies and political coalition brought Marwan’s reign to an end.
Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba: An independent Umayyad state in al-Andalus established by Abd al-Rahman I in 756. It preserved Umayyad rule after Marwan’s defeat in the east.
Marwan I: An Umayyad caliph who ruled from 684 to 685 and founded the Marwanid branch of the dynasty. The two Marwans belonged to the same branch but ruled at opposite ends of its ascendancy.
Umayyad Caliphate: The first hereditary caliphate, founded by the Umayyad dynasty and centered in Damascus from 661 to 750. Marwan’s reign was the final phase of this dynasty’s caliphate.
Abu Muslim: A revolutionary leader who organized the Abbasid movement in Khurasan and helped bring down the Umayyads. His forces drove the eastern revolt that Marwan could not suppress.

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