Microcomputer

A computer built around a microprocessor, typically designed for one person or embedded within a larger system. The term distinguishes it from earlier computers built from many separate processing components.

Random-access memory: Computer memory that allows data to be read or written in any order, with access time largely independent of location. It holds the programs and working data a microcomputer is actively using.
Instruction cycle: The repeated process by which a processor fetches, decodes, and executes machine instructions. A microcomputer runs programs by repeating this cycle.
Integrated circuit: An electronic circuit whose components are fabricated together on a semiconductor chip. Integrated circuits made compact, affordable computer hardware possible.
Personal computer: A general-purpose computer intended for use by one person at a time. It is the most familiar user-facing form of microcomputer.
Mainframe computer: A large, high-capacity computer designed to support many users and demanding transaction workloads. Mainframes contrast with microcomputers in scale, cost, and typical number of users.
Read-only memory: Nonvolatile memory designed primarily for reading, often used to store firmware and other persistent instructions. It can provide startup instructions without requiring a separate storage device.
Machine code: Instructions encoded in a form that a processor can execute directly. It is the executable form of the programs handled by the microcomputer’s processor.
Intel 4004: A 4-bit microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1971 for use in calculators and other devices. It became an early demonstration that a processor could fit on one chip.
Embedded system: A computer system built into a larger device to perform dedicated functions. Many microcomputers operate invisibly inside products and machinery.
Minicomputer: A mid-sized multiuser computer category that emerged between mainframes and microcomputers. Minicomputers occupied the middle ground before microcomputers became powerful and affordable.

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Gary KildallNarrower topic: Kildall’s software helped make microcomputers practical for business use.