Middle Kingdom of Egypt

A period of ancient Egyptian history, conventionally dated from about 2055 to 1650 BCE, marked by reunification and renewed centralized rule.

First Intermediate Period of Egypt: A period of political decentralization and competing regional powers between Egypt’s Old and Middle Kingdoms. Its fragmentation set the conditions for Theban reunification.
Nomarch: A provincial governor in ancient Egypt, especially prominent during periods of decentralized rule. Managing nomarchs helped Middle Kingdom kings control powerful provincial elites.
Pharaoh: The conventional title for the ruler of ancient Egypt, whose authority combined political and religious roles. The Middle Kingdom’s restored state was organized around the pharaoh’s authority.
Story of Sinuhe: An ancient Egyptian literary narrative about an official who flees Egypt and later returns. Its account of exile and return reflects ideas of kingship and belonging associated with the era.
Classical Egyptian: The literary form of the ancient Egyptian language associated especially with Middle Kingdom texts. Later scribes studied this period’s language as a model of literary expression.
Mentuhotep II: A pharaoh of the Eleventh Dynasty who reunited Egypt and founded the Middle Kingdom. His victories ended the First Intermediate Period and restored central rule.
Amenemhat I: The founder of Egypt’s Twelfth Dynasty, who established a new royal line after the Eleventh Dynasty. His accession reorganized kingship and reinforced the centralized state.
Ancient Egyptian religion: The religious beliefs, rituals, and institutions practiced in ancient Egypt over several millennia. Royal legitimacy and state institutions were expressed through religious traditions.
Instructions of Amenemhat: An Egyptian wisdom text presenting advice attributed to the deceased king Amenemhat I. The work explores royal succession and the dangers of court politics.
Egyptian literature: Written works produced in ancient Egypt, including stories, poetry, hymns, and instructional texts. Middle Kingdom compositions became influential works within the wider Egyptian literary tradition.

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