Modal shift
Modal shift is a change in the share of travel carried by different transport modes, such as cars, public transport, cycling, and walking.
Generalized cost: The combined monetary and nonmonetary cost of making a trip, including time, effort, and reliability. Travelers compare modes through time and effort as well as fares and fuel costs.
Mode share: The proportion of trips or passenger distance made by each transport mode in a defined area and period. Mode share is the direct measure of how travel is distributed among modes.
Netherlands cycling: The extensive use of bicycles for everyday travel in the Netherlands, supported by infrastructure and policy. Dutch cities demonstrate sustained travel shifts toward cycling through connected networks and planning.
Avoid-Shift-Improve: A transport strategy that reduces unnecessary travel, shifts trips to lower-impact modes, and improves vehicle efficiency. Its shift component is distinct from avoiding trips or improving vehicle technology.
Induced demand: An increase in travel caused by expanded transport capacity or reduced travel costs. Road expansion can attract trips that counteract a shift away from driving.
Sustainable transport: Transport systems that meet mobility needs while limiting environmental, social, and economic harm. Policies often seek modal shifts as one route toward more sustainable transport.
London congestion charge: A charge introduced in 2003 for vehicles entering a central London zone during operating hours. The scheme reduced car traffic and increased use of buses and other alternatives.
Vehicle electrification: The replacement of combustion-engine vehicles with electrically powered vehicles. Electrifying cars changes vehicle technology without necessarily changing the mode share.
Congestion pricing: A charge on road use that varies to manage traffic demand or reflect congestion costs. Pricing scarce road space can make alternatives more competitive with driving.
Transport demand management: Policies and measures that influence travel demand, timing, routes, or mode choice. It includes interventions designed to move trips from private cars to alternatives.