Mongol conquest of China

The campaigns by which Mongol forces defeated the Jin and Southern Song dynasties, bringing China under Mongol rule by 1279.

Mongol invasion of the Jin dynasty: The Mongol campaigns against the Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty, which ended with its defeat in 1234. This earlier campaign brought northern China under Mongol control before the invasion of the Southern Song.
Mongol Empire: The empire founded by Genghis Khan that expanded across much of Eurasia during the thirteenth century. Its expansion and resources made campaigns against China possible.
Kublai Khan: The Mongol ruler who completed the conquest of the Southern Song and founded the Yuan dynasty. He directed the final campaign and established Mongol rule over China.
Yuan dynasty: The dynasty founded by Kublai Khan that ruled China from 1271 to 1368. It institutionalized Mongol rule after the conquest.
Jin dynasty (1115–1234): A Jurchen-led dynasty that ruled northern China until its destruction by the Mongols in 1234. Its defeat was an early, relatively discrete phase of the conquest, unlike the long Southern Song campaign.
Siege of Kaifeng: The 1232–1233 Mongol siege that captured Kaifeng, the Jin dynasty’s capital. Its fall helped break the Jin state and opened the way to the conquest’s next phase.
Genghis Khan: The Mongol ruler who founded the Mongol Empire and began its expansion into northern China. His campaigns initiated the conflict with the Jin dynasty.
Aju: A Mongol general who commanded forces in the campaigns against the Southern Song, including the siege of Xiangyang. His command helped sustain the protracted advance into Song territory.
Song dynasty: A Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 960 to 1279 and fostered major economic and cultural changes. Its defeat ended nearly three centuries of Song rule.
Southern Song dynasty: The Chinese dynasty that ruled southern China from 1127 until its defeat by the Mongols in 1279. Its prolonged resistance contrasts with the earlier fall of the Jin dynasty.

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