Muslim Brotherhood

The Muslim Brotherhood is an Islamist movement founded in Egypt by Hasan al-Banna in 1928. It combines religious activism with social organizing and political engagement, with branches and offshoots varying across countries.

Hasan al-Banna: An Egyptian schoolteacher and preacher who founded the Muslim Brotherhood in 1928. His preaching and organizing established the movement’s first institutions and program.
Islamism: A range of political projects that seek to shape public life through interpretations of Islam. The Brotherhood is one influential movement within this broader family of projects.
Egyptian Revolution of 2011: A mass uprising that ended Hosni Mubarak’s presidency in Egypt in February 2011. The uprising opened a path for the Brotherhood to compete openly for national power.
Hamas: A Palestinian Islamist movement founded in 1987 that combines political activity with armed struggle. Hamas emerged from the Palestinian branch of the Brotherhood, then developed its own organization and strategy.
Arab Spring: A wave of uprisings and political upheavals across the Arab world beginning in 2010. The uprisings brought Brotherhood-linked actors into government and intensified regional disputes over Islamists.
Egypt under British rule: The period when Britain exercised decisive political influence over Egypt, formally from 1882 to 1956. British influence and political upheaval shaped the setting in which al-Banna organized.
Dawah: The Islamic practice of inviting people to learn about and follow the faith. Preaching and religious education have been central methods of Brotherhood organizing.
Freedom and Justice Party: An Egyptian political party founded in 2011 and associated with the Muslim Brotherhood. It served as the Brotherhood’s principal electoral vehicle after Mubarak’s fall.
Ennahda Movement: A Tunisian political party rooted in Islamic activism and founded by Rached Ghannouchi and others. Ennahda illustrates a distinct national trajectory rather than a centrally directed Brotherhood branch.
Political repression in Egypt: The use of state power in Egypt to restrict opposition, dissent, and political organization. Repeated bans, arrests, and prosecutions have transformed the Brotherhood’s Egyptian presence.

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