Mu'tazilism

Mu'tazilism is an Islamic theological school that emphasizes divine unity and justice, human responsibility, and reasoned interpretation of revelation. Its doctrines include the createdness of the Qur’an and the intermediate status of grave sinners.

Tawhid: The Islamic doctrine of God's absolute oneness and uniqueness. Mu'tazilite theology makes divine unity its organizing principle and rejects attributes understood as distinct eternal entities.
Createdness of the Qur'an: The doctrine that the Qur'an came into being in time rather than existing eternally with God. Mu'tazilites infer that God's speech is created to preserve the absolute unity of the divine.
Wasil ibn Ata: An eighth-century theologian traditionally regarded as a founder of Mu'tazilism. Later accounts associate his teaching on grave sinners with the school's early formation.
Ash'arism: A Sunni theological school founded by Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari that combines rational argument with scriptural authority. Ash'arites challenged Mu'tazilite accounts of divine attributes, human action, and the created Qur'an.
Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari: A tenth-century theologian who founded the Ash'arite school after studying Mu'tazilite theology. His departure from Mu'tazilism helped shape a major alternative in Sunni kalam.
Adl: The Islamic theological concept of divine justice. Mu'tazilites argue that justice requires God to act justly and humans to be responsible for their choices.
Al-wa'd wa al-wa'id: The theological principle that God fulfills promises of reward and threats of punishment. This principle follows from the Mu'tazilite claim that divine justice excludes arbitrary treatment of moral agents.
Amr ibn Ubayd: An early Basran Muslim ascetic and theologian associated with the formation of Mu'tazilism. His teaching and association with Wasil ibn Ata helped establish the early Basran circle.
Maturidism: A Sunni theological school associated with Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, emphasizing reason while affirming revelation's authority. Maturidism offers a distinct Sunni account of reason, divine justice, and human responsibility.
Abd al-Jabbar: A tenth-century Mu'tazilite theologian whose works preserve a comprehensive account of the school's doctrines. His writings became a major source for reconstructing mature Mu'tazilite thought.

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