National liberation

National liberation is a political struggle by a people to end foreign domination and establish self-government, often through anticolonial movements.

Decolonization: The process by which colonies gain independence and colonial empires dissolve. National liberation is a movement-level struggle within the broader historical process of decolonization.
American Revolution: The 1775–1783 rebellion in which thirteen British colonies in North America established an independent republic. It made independence from an imperial power a durable model of political legitimacy.
Indian independence movement: The movement that ended British rule in India in 1947 through political organizing, mass protest, and negotiations. It demonstrates how prolonged mobilization and negotiation could secure independence from an empire.
Nation-state: A sovereign state whose political boundaries are understood to correspond to a nation. Liberation movements often seek to establish a state as the institutional form of national self-rule.
National liberation movement: An organized political movement seeking national self-determination and freedom from foreign rule. These organizations turn a shared claim to self-government into sustained political action.
Haitian Revolution: The 1791–1804 revolution that ended French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue and founded Haiti. Its success joined anticolonial independence to the emancipation of enslaved people.
Algerian War: The 1954–1962 war between France and Algerian independence forces that ended French rule in Algeria. It shows the costs and political force of armed anticolonial struggle.
Partition of India: The 1947 division of British India into the independent states of India and Pakistan. Independence came with a border division that triggered mass displacement and violence.
Guerrilla warfare: Irregular warfare in which smaller forces use ambushes, mobility, and local support against stronger opponents. Some liberation movements use guerrilla tactics when conventional forces cannot match the occupying power.
Latin American wars of independence: The early nineteenth-century wars that ended Spanish and Portuguese rule across much of Latin America. They established independent states through struggles against European empires.

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