Neanderthal

Neanderthals were an extinct human species that lived in Europe and western Asia. They interbred with Homo sapiens, leaving Neanderthal DNA in many people today.

Homo sapiens: The human species that originated in Africa and is the only surviving member of the genus Homo. Neanderthals encountered and interbred with this species.
Neanderthal evolution: The evolutionary history of Neanderthals, whose lineage developed in Eurasia from earlier human populations. It explains how the distinct Neanderthal lineage arose.
Neanderthal–modern human admixture: The interbreeding of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, which introduced Neanderthal DNA into modern human populations. This process explains why many people outside Africa carry Neanderthal ancestry.
Neanderthal introgression: The persistence of Neanderthal genetic variants in populations through interbreeding and inheritance. It describes how ancient admixture remains measurable in living genomes.
Neanderthal symbolism: Possible symbolic practices among Neanderthals, inferred from objects, pigments, and marks with debated interpretations. These finds challenge claims that symbolic behavior belonged only to Homo sapiens.
Hominin: A member of the evolutionary group that includes modern humans and their extinct relatives after the split from chimpanzees. Neanderthals belong to the wider human evolutionary lineage.
Sima de los Huesos: A fossil site in northern Spain containing remains of ancient humans with traits linking them to Neanderthals. Its fossils preserve early evidence of the Neanderthal lineage.
Neanderthal stone tools: Stone implements made by Neanderthals, especially those associated with the Mousterian archaeological tradition. Their tools document how Neanderthals cut, scraped, and processed materials.
Neanderthal-derived alleles: Genetic variants inherited from Neanderthals that persist in some modern human populations. Some variants influence traits such as immune responses and skin biology.
Neanderthal art: Painted marks and other visual traces attributed to Neanderthals, including cave marks in Iberia. The evidence raises questions about when and where artistic behavior emerged.

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