Neurodevelopment

Neurodevelopment is the process by which the nervous system forms, organizes, and matures, from early embryonic development through childhood and beyond.

Neural induction: The embryonic process that directs ectoderm to become nervous-system tissue. It initiates nervous-system formation by specifying neural tissue.
Neural tube: The embryonic structure that develops into the brain and spinal cord. Its formation establishes the central nervous system’s basic anatomical plan.
Autism spectrum disorder: A neurodevelopmental condition characterized by differences in social communication and restricted or repetitive behaviors. Its varied developmental trajectories illustrate how neurodevelopmental differences appear in clinical practice.
Gastrulation: The embryonic process that reorganizes cells into the germ layers and establishes body axes. It precedes neural induction and sets conditions for nervous-system development.
Critical period: A limited developmental window when experience has unusually strong effects on a neural system. Researchers investigate how critical periods open, close, and vary across circuits.
Neurogenesis: The production of neurons from neural stem and progenitor cells. New neurons supply the cells that developing circuits organize.
Neural crest: A migratory embryonic cell population that forms diverse tissues, including much of the peripheral nervous system. Its derivatives show that nervous-system development extends beyond the neural tube.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A neurodevelopmental condition involving persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. Its diagnosis and course depend on patterns of development over time.
Spemann–Mangold organizer: An embryonic region that can induce neighboring tissue to form neural and body-axis structures. Its transplantation experiments helped establish the role of embryonic signals in neural induction.
Neuroplasticity: The capacity of the nervous system to change its structure or function with development, experience, or injury. Plasticity connects developmental change with adaptation later in life.

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