Nicholas II

Nicholas II was the last emperor of Russia, ruling from 1894 until his abdication in 1917. His reign ended with the Romanov dynasty and the monarchy.

February Revolution: The 1917 uprising that forced Nicholas II to abdicate and brought down Russia’s imperial government. Its strikes and mutiny in Petrograd made continued rule impossible.
Russian autocracy: A system in which the Russian emperor held supreme political authority with few constitutional limits. Nicholas defended this system even as demands for representation intensified.
Alexandra Feodorovna: The German-born wife of Nicholas II and empress consort of Russia from 1894 to 1917. Her influence at court grew while Nicholas was away commanding the army.
Alexander III of Russia: Emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894 and father of Nicholas II. His conservative rule shaped Nicholas’s political education.
Russian Provisional Government: The government that governed Russia between the February and October Revolutions of 1917. It assumed state authority after Nicholas’s abdication.
Russo-Japanese War: A war fought by Russia and Japan from 1904 to 1905 over influence in northeast Asia. Russia’s defeat weakened the regime and exposed failures of imperial leadership.
Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia: The only son and heir of Nicholas II, whose hemophilia shaped the imperial family’s private life. His illness helped bring Rasputin into the family’s confidence.
Maria Feodorovna: The Danish-born empress consort of Alexander III and mother of Nicholas II. Her family connections linked Nicholas to European royal houses.
Russian Civil War: The armed conflict between Bolshevik and anti-Bolshevik forces in Russia from 1917 to 1922. The monarchy’s fall preceded the civil war that consolidated Bolshevik power.
Russian Revolution of 1905: A wave of strikes, uprisings, and political unrest that compelled Nicholas II to make limited concessions in 1905. The revolt forced him to issue the October Manifesto and permit a parliament.

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