Nicotine dependence

Nicotine dependence is a chronic pattern of compulsive nicotine use marked by cravings, withdrawal symptoms, and difficulty stopping despite a desire to quit.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: A receptor activated by acetylcholine and nicotine that helps regulate signaling in the nervous system. Nicotine binds these receptors, initiating signals that reinforce repeated use.
Nicotine: An addictive alkaloid found in tobacco plants and present in many tobacco and nicotine products. Nicotine is the substance whose repeated use underlies this form of dependence.
Nicotine replacement therapy: Treatment that supplies nicotine in controlled forms such as patches, gum, or lozenges to help people stop smoking. It reduces withdrawal while separating nicotine delivery from cigarette smoking.
Tobacco use disorder: A clinical diagnosis describing problematic use of tobacco products, with criteria such as impaired control and continued use despite harm. It is a diagnostic category, whereas nicotine dependence describes a pattern centered on nicotine.
Mesolimbic pathway: A brain circuit connecting the ventral tegmental area with regions including the nucleus accumbens. Nicotine-driven dopamine release in this circuit strengthens drug-taking behavior.
Substance use disorder: A clinical pattern of substance use that causes significant impairment or distress. Nicotine dependence is commonly understood within the broader framework of substance use disorders.
Varenicline: A prescription medicine that partially activates certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and can reduce smoking urges. It can lessen withdrawal and blunt nicotine’s rewarding effects during a quit attempt.
Habit: A learned behavior that is repeated regularly and can occur with little conscious deliberation. Repeated nicotine use can become habitual, but dependence also involves craving and withdrawal.
Dopamine: A neurotransmitter involved in movement, motivation, learning, and reward. Nicotine increases dopamine signaling that helps make nicotine use rewarding.
Craving: A strong desire or urge to use a substance or engage in a behavior. Craving is a central feature of nicotine dependence and can persist during quit attempts.

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