Non-cooperation movement

The Non-cooperation movement was a mass campaign led by Mohandas Gandhi in 1920–1922 urging Indians to withdraw cooperation from British institutions. It sought self-rule through nonviolent boycott and was suspended after violence at Chauri Chaura.

Swadeshi movement: A movement promoting Indian-made goods and rejecting foreign products as a form of economic and political resistance. Boycotting British goods extended non-cooperation from institutions into everyday consumption.
Rowlatt Act: A 1919 British Indian law that allowed detention without trial and restrictions on political activity. Opposition to the Act helped trigger the protest wave from which non-cooperation emerged.
Swaraj: A political ideal of self-rule that became a central demand in India’s independence movement. The campaign made swaraj a mass political goal rather than a limited constitutional demand.
Revolutionary nationalism in India: A strand of Indian anticolonial politics that pursued independence through secret organizations and armed action. Its willingness to use violence contrasted with Gandhi’s insistence on nonviolent mass discipline.
Hartal: A form of protest in which businesses and public activity are voluntarily shut down. Hartals turned the campaign’s call for withdrawal into visible collective action.
Jallianwala Bagh massacre: The 1919 killing of hundreds of unarmed people by British troops at a gathering in Amritsar. The massacre deepened Indian distrust of British rule and strengthened demands for mass resistance.
Civil disobedience movement: A campaign of deliberate, public violation of laws to resist authority, especially Gandhi’s 1930s campaign in India. Later mass campaigns built on the mobilization and political methods developed during non-cooperation.
Constitutional nationalism in India: An approach to Indian self-government that sought political change through legal institutions and constitutional reform. Non-cooperation rejected reliance on the colonial institutions that constitutional nationalists sought to reform.
Nonviolent resistance: Political action that opposes authority without the use of physical violence. Gandhi framed non-cooperation as a disciplined form of nonviolent resistance.
Khilafat movement: A campaign by Indian Muslims to preserve the Ottoman caliphate after the First World War. Gandhi allied with Khilafat leaders, broadening non-cooperation through Hindu-Muslim political cooperation.

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