Northern War

The Northern War was a conflict in northern and central Europe involving Sweden, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russia, Denmark–Norway, and Brandenburg-Prussia.

Great Northern War: A war from 1700 to 1721 in which Russia and its allies defeated Sweden’s Baltic empire. This name often identifies the conflict described as the Northern War, especially its decisive later phase.
Battle of Narva: A 1700 battle in which Sweden’s army defeated a much larger Russian force near Narva. The victory showed how Charles XII initially frustrated Russia’s invasion.
Augustus II the Strong: Elector of Saxony and king of Poland who joined the anti-Swedish coalition at the war’s outset. His personal union of Saxony and Poland drew both territories into the conflict.
Russian Empire: A state that existed from 1721 to 1917, expanding across Eurasia under imperial rule. Russia’s acquisition of Baltic territories helped Peter the Great proclaim the empire in 1721.
Swedish Empire: A European great power whose territories around the Baltic Sea reached their greatest extent in the seventeenth century. Sweden’s Baltic possessions made it the principal target of rival powers.
Battle of Poltava: A 1709 battle in which Peter the Great’s Russian army decisively defeated Charles XII’s Swedish army. The defeat ended Sweden’s offensive ascendancy and shifted the war’s balance.
Frederick IV of Denmark: King of Denmark and Norway from 1699 to 1730 and a participant in the anti-Swedish coalition. His kingdom opened a second front against Sweden before withdrawing in 1700.
Prussia: A European state that became a major military power and helped shape German unification in the nineteenth century. Prussia emerged from the conflict with territorial gains and stronger standing in northern Europe.
Baltic Sea: An inland sea in northern Europe bordered by Scandinavia, the Baltic states, Poland, Germany, and Russia. Control of its coasts and trade routes shaped the conflict’s strategic stakes.
Battle of Lesnaya: A 1708 battle in which Russian forces intercepted and defeated a Swedish supply column. The loss weakened Charles XII’s planned campaign against Russia by depriving his army of supplies.

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