Old Nubian

Old Nubian was a medieval language of Nubia, written chiefly in manuscripts from the eighth to the fifteenth centuries. It is the earliest attested member of the Nubian language group.

Nubian languages: A group of languages spoken in the Nile Valley and surrounding regions, including Old Nubian and modern Nubian varieties. Old Nubian is the earliest documented member of this language group.
Old Nubian Bible: Biblical texts translated into Old Nubian and preserved in medieval manuscripts from Nubia. These translations form a major portion of the surviving Old Nubian corpus.
Kingdom of Makuria: A medieval Christian kingdom in Nubia, centered in the Nile Valley between the First and Third Cataracts. Makuria's institutions and churches provide much of the historical setting for Old Nubian texts.
Nilo-Saharan languages: A proposed language family containing languages spoken across parts of eastern and central Africa. Old Nubian has traditionally been classified within this broad and debated grouping.
Old Nubian corpus: The surviving body of written texts in Old Nubian, preserved on manuscripts, inscriptions, and objects. Its gaps and uneven genres limit what can be concluded about everyday speech.
Old Nubian alphabet: A writing system used for Old Nubian, based mainly on the Coptic alphabet with additions from Greek and Meroitic. Its letters show how Nubian sounds were represented in surviving manuscripts.
Qasr Ibrim: An archaeological site in Lower Nubia with remains and documents from successive periods of Nubian history. Its excavations yielded Old Nubian documents, including records of practical affairs.
Kingdom of Nobatia: A medieval kingdom in northern Nubia that was later incorporated into Makuria. Nobatia was among the Nubian political communities where the language was used.
Nubian languages classification: The comparative study of how Nubian languages are related to one another and to other language families. Old Nubian's place in this classification helps trace its ancestry and later descendants.
Nubian manuscript conservation: The preservation and study of manuscripts produced in Nubian historical contexts. Fragile and dispersed manuscripts continue to shape access to Old Nubian evidence.

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