Knowra Oxidation of alcohols Oxidation of alcohols Oxidation of alcohols converts the carbon bearing a hydroxyl group into a more oxidized form, commonly a carbonyl group or, under stronger conditions, a carboxylic acid.
Chromic acid oxidation : Oxidation by chromium(VI) reagents, often proceeding through a chromate ester before carbon–hydrogen bond cleavage. Its chromate-ester pathway illustrates how an oxidant removes hydrogen while forming a carbonyl.
Primary alcohol : An alcohol whose hydroxyl-bearing carbon is attached to one other carbon atom. Primary alcohols can yield aldehydes and, with further oxidation, carboxylic acids.
Alcohol dehydrogenase : An enzyme family that catalyzes alcohol oxidation by transferring hydrogen, commonly to NAD+ or NADP+ cofactors. These enzymes perform selective alcohol oxidation in biological pathways and engineered synthesis.
Manganese dioxide oxidation : An oxidation method using manganese dioxide, especially effective for allylic and benzylic alcohols. It favors activated alcohols, unlike broadly applicable methods for ordinary alcohols.
Pyridinium chlorochromate : A chromium(VI) reagent used to oxidize alcohols, often stopping primary alcohols at aldehydes in anhydrous conditions. Its relatively anhydrous conditions help prevent aldehydes from proceeding to carboxylic acids.
Secondary alcohol : An alcohol whose hydroxyl-bearing carbon is attached to two other carbon atoms. Secondary alcohols typically oxidize to ketones, with no further oxidation at that carbon.
NAD+ : An oxidized nicotinamide cofactor that accepts electrons during many metabolic oxidation reactions. It serves as the electron acceptor when dehydrogenases oxidize alcohol substrates.
TEMPO oxidation : An oxidation method using the nitroxyl radical TEMPO, often with a co-oxidant, to convert alcohols into carbonyl compounds or acids. It provides a catalytic, often selective alternative to stoichiometric heavy-metal oxidants.
Dess–Martin periodinane : A hypervalent iodine reagent that oxidizes primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones under mild conditions. It offers a mild alternative when sensitive functional groups must survive oxidation.
Tertiary alcohol : An alcohol whose hydroxyl-bearing carbon is attached to three other carbon atoms. That carbon lacks a hydrogen, so ordinary oxidation to a carbonyl cannot occur without carbon–carbon bond cleavage.
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