Oxygen vacancy

An oxygen vacancy is a missing oxygen atom at a site in a crystal lattice. It disrupts local bonding and can alter a material’s charge, structure, and behavior.

Kröger–Vink notation: A symbolic system for describing point defects and their effective charges in crystals. It records an oxygen vacancy’s lattice site, charge state, and relation to the surrounding crystal.
Solid oxide fuel cell: An electrochemical device that converts fuel and oxygen into electricity using a solid oxide electrolyte. Oxygen vacancies enable oxygen-ion transport through many solid oxide electrolytes.
Crystal lattice: A repeating three-dimensional arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline solid. The vacancy is defined by the oxygen site missing from this repeating arrangement.
Oxygen interstitial: An oxygen atom occupying a position between the regular lattice sites of a crystal. It adds oxygen at an extra site, unlike a vacancy, which removes oxygen from a regular site.
Charge compensation: The redistribution of electronic or ionic charge that maintains charge neutrality after a defect or substitution. Removing an oxygen atom leaves charge imbalance that the crystal must accommodate.
Memristor: An electronic device whose resistance depends on the history of the voltage or current applied to it. Vacancy migration can create or disrupt conductive paths in oxide memristors.
Lattice site: A position in a crystal’s repeating structure that is occupied by a particular atom or ion in the ideal lattice. An oxygen vacancy is the unoccupied site where an oxygen atom would normally reside.
Cation vacancy: A missing positively charged ion at its normal site in a crystal lattice. It removes a cation rather than the oxygen anion, changing charge balance differently.
F-center: An electron trapped at an anion vacancy in an ionic crystal, often producing visible color. It is a common electronic state associated with an oxygen vacancy that traps electrons.
Perovskite oxide: An oxide compound with the general crystal structure AB O₃, where A and B are cations. Perovskite oxides can accommodate oxygen vacancies that tune their electronic and ionic properties.

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