Pancho Villa

Pancho Villa was a Mexican revolutionary general and guerrilla leader who commanded the Division of the North during the Mexican Revolution and led a 1916 raid on Columbus, New Mexico.

Emiliano Zapata: A Mexican revolutionary leader who fought for land reform and led the Liberation Army of the South. Zapata led the revolution’s other major popular army and briefly allied with Villa.
Division of the North: The large revolutionary army commanded by Pancho Villa during the Mexican Revolution. This was Villa’s principal force, capable of sustained campaigns and major battles.
Battle of Columbus: A 1916 attack by Villa’s forces on Columbus, New Mexico, followed by a fight with United States troops. The raid brought Villa into direct conflict with the United States.
Mexican agrarian reform: Policies that redistributed land and changed rural property relations in Mexico after the revolution. Villa’s appeal among rural fighters was tied to demands for land and local justice.
Venustiano Carranza: A Mexican revolutionary leader who became president and promoted the Constitution of 1917. Carranza’s struggle for national power turned Villa from ally into enemy.
Mexican Federal Army: The national military force that fought revolutionary armies during the Mexican Revolution. Villa’s forces repeatedly fought the federal army before its defeat in 1914.
Pancho Villa Expedition: The 1916–1917 United States military campaign in Mexico seeking to capture Villa. The expedition crossed the border but failed to capture its target.
United States–Mexico relations: The diplomatic, economic, and political relations between the United States and Mexico. The Columbus raid and American expedition strained relations between the neighboring countries.
Álvaro Obregón: A Mexican general and politician who defeated Villa’s forces and later became president. Obregón’s victories at Celaya broke the military strength of Villa’s army.
Mexican Revolution: An armed conflict and political upheaval in Mexico that began in 1910 and transformed the country’s government and society. Villa’s campaigns were one of the revolution’s central military fronts.

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